Liver Allocation to Non-Citizen Non-Residents: An Ethical Framework for a Last-I

[Clark]

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ajt.13674/abstract

Personal Viewpoint
Liver Allocation to Non-Citizen Non-Residents: An Ethical Framework for a Last-In-Line Approach
Jane A. Hartsock, Steven Ivy, andPaul R. Helft
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13674
American Journal of Transplantation
Accepted Article (Accepted, unedited articles published online and citable. The final edited and typeset version of record will appear in future.)

Abstract
The incidence of Non-Citizen Non-Resident patients coming to the United States specifically for deceased donor liver transplantation raises compelling ethical questions requiring careful consideration. The inclusion of these often financially and/or socially privileged patients in the pool of potential candidates for an absolutely scarce and life-saving liver transplant may exacerbate disparities already existing in deceased donor liver allocation. Additionally, their inclusion on organ transplant waiting lists conflicts with recognized ethical principles of justice and reciprocity. Moreover, preliminary data suggest that public awareness of this practice could discourage organ donation thereby worsening an already profound supply-demand gulf. Finally, United States organ allocation policies and statutes are out of step with recently promulgated international transplant guidelines which prioritize self-sufficiency of organ programs. This article analyzes each of these ethical conflicts within the context of deceased donor liver transplantation and recommends policy changes that align the United States with international practices that discourage this practice.